MAPPING AND GEOGRAPHICAL WORLD: June 2009

WELL COME IN THE WORLD OF GEOMAPIA

Friday, June 5, 2009

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GEOGRAPHICAL WORLD
7 WONDERS OF THE WORLD
MAPS & FLAGS OF ALL COUNTRIES

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WONDERS OF THE WORLD

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Let us Know What are WONDERS of the WORLD. . . .

WONDERS OF THE WORLD

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THE TAJ MAHAL

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The Taj Mahal India was first described as "a drop of tear on the cheek of history" by India's Poet laureate, Rabindranath Tagore, who was Asia’s first Nobel Prize winner.
The Taj Mahal India encompasses a tragic and enduring love story in the perfect symmetrical dream in marble that is one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
The Taj Mahal India was created by Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal Emperor as a monument to his love for his second wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Her final resting place is located in the city of Agra, in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, on the banks of the Yamuna River.

History of the Taj Mahal India

History of the Taj Mahal India shows that construction began in 1631 and took 22 years to complete with a work force of more than 20,000 men. It was finally finished in 1653 at a cost of 32 million Rupee or $400 million in today’s prices.
Nor surprisingly there have been many claims and counter claims regarding the Taj Mahal history and those who were responsible for its design and constrution.
Taj Mahal history does record that it was not designed by a single person. The project demanded the varied talents, creativity, artistry, skills and abilities of many. Twenty thousand workmen and master craftsmen- from Persia, France, Iran, Italy and Turkey worked on the building and their names were recorded for posterity on scrolls.

Fact of the Taj Mahal – Construction Feats

Facts of the Taj Mahal and its construction commence with the way the land was acquired for its construction to the south of the walled city of Agra. The site chosen by Shah Jahan for the resting place of his beloved wife had belonged to Maharajah Jai Singh. Shah Jahan presented him with a large palace in the centre of Agra in exchange for the site for his Taj Mahal.
An area of roughly three acres for the foundations was excavated and filled with dirt to reduce seepage from the river. The entire site was levelled to a fixed height about 50 m above the riverbank. The Taj Mahal is 180 feet tall. The dome itself measures 60 feet in diameter and 80 feet high.
In the tomb area, wells were then dug down until water was encountered. These wells were later filled with stone and rubble, forming the basis for the footings of the tomb. An additional well was built to same depth nearby to provide a visual method to track water level changes over time.
Instead of lashed bamboo, the typical scaffolding method, workmen constructed a colossal brick scaffold that mirrored the inner and outer surfaces of the tomb. The scaffold was so enormous that foremen estimated it would take years to dismantle.
According to legend, Shah Jahan decreed that anyone could keep bricks taken from the scaffold, and it was dismantled by peasants overnight.
The Taj Mahal construction facts reveal that a 15-kilometre tamped-earth ramp was built to transport marble and materials from Agra to the construction site. According to contemporary accounts teams of twenty or thirty oxen strained to pull the blocks on specially constructed wagons.
To raise the blocks into position required an elaborate post-and-beam pulley system. Teams of mules and oxen provided the lifting power. The order of construction was:
The plinth. The tomb. The four minarets. The mosque and jawab. The gateway.
The plinth and tomb took roughly 12 years to complete. The remaining parts of the complex took an additional 10 years. (Since the complex was built in stages, contemporary historical accounts list different "completion dates"; discrepancies between so-called completion dates are probably the result of differing opinions about the definition of "completion". For example, the mausoleum itself was essentially complete by 1643, but work continued on the rest of the complex.

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GEOGRAPHICAL WORLD

TRAVEL THE WHOLE WORLD WITH GEOMAPIA

INDIA

WASHINGTON, DC

Troy

Angkor Wat

The Pyramids at Giza

Tikal

Machu Picchu

SAINT AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA

SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
GETTYSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
DENVER, COLORADO
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

CHEYENNE, WYOMING
CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE
CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA
CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA
Puuhonua O Honaunau
Stonehenge
Death Valley
Mohave or Mojave desert
Bryce Canyon
Grand Canyon National Park

wolf creek pass
Yosemite waterfalls
BRAZILIAN HISTORY
BOZEMAN, MONTANA
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
ANNAPOLIS, MARYLAND
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
AMARILLO, TEXAS
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA
Alexander the Great

ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO

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WONDERS OF THE WORLD

Thursday, June 4, 2009

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The Great Pyramid of Giza

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Temple of Artemis

The Colossus of Rhodes

The Lighthouse of Alexandria

The Statue of Zeus at Olympia

The Tomb of Mausolus, Mausoleum of Mausolus

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Mausoleum of Maussollos

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The Tomb of Mausolus, Mausoleum of Mausolus or Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (in Greek, Μαυσωλεῖον της Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ) was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, his wife and sister. The structure was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythis.[1][2] It stood approximately 45 meters (135 ft) in height, and each of the four sides was adorned with sculptural reliefs created by each one of four Greek sculptors — Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas of Paros and Timotheus.[3] The finished structure was considered to be such an aesthetic triumph that Antipater of Sidon identified it as one of his Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
The word mausoleum has since come to be used generically for any grand tomb, though "Mausol – eion" originally meant "[building] dedicated to Mausolus". Another opinion is that the etymology for this word can be found in the germanic Language. "Mohsa" (mauso) meaning marsh and "Lehm" (leum) meaning lime.

623 BC, Halicarnassus was the capital of a small regional kingdom in the coast of Asia Minor. In 377 BC the ruler of the region, Hecatomnus of Milas, died and left the control of the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Hecatomnus, a local satrap under the Persians, took control of several of the neighboring cities and districts. After Artemisia and Mausolus, he had several other daughters and sons: Ada (adopted mother of Alexander the Great), Idrieus and Pixodarus. Mausolus extended its territory as far as the southwest coast of Anatolia.

Artemisia spared no expense in building the tomb. She sent messengers to Greece to find the most talented artists of the time. These included Scopas, the man who had supervised the rebuilding of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The famous sculptors were (in the Vitruvius order) Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas and Timotheus, as well as hundreds of other craftsmen

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Statue of Zeus at Olympia

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The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was made by the Greek sculptor of the Classical period, Phidias, circa 432 BC on the site where it was erected in the temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece.

The seated statue, some 12 meters (39 feet) tall, occupied the whole width of the aisle of the temple built to house it. "It seems that if Zeus were to stand up," the geographer Strabo noted early in the first century BC, "he would unroof the temple."[2] Zeus was a chryselephantine sculpture, made of ivory and gold-plated bronze. No copy, in marble or bronze, has survived, though there are recognizable but approximate versions on coins of nearby Elis and Roman coins and engraved gems[3] A very detailed description of the sculpture and its throne was recorded by the traveller Pausanias, in the second century AD. The sculpture, was wreathed with shoots of olive and seated on a magnificent throne of cedarwood, inlaid with ivory, gold, ebony, and precious stones. In Zeus' right hand there was a small statue of crowned Nike, goddess of victory, also chryselephantine, and in his left hand, a sceptre inlaid with gold, on which an eagle perched.[4] Plutarch, in his Life of the Roman general Aemilius Paulus, records that the victor over Macedon, when he beheld the statue, “was moved to his soul, as if he had seen the god in person,” while the Greek orator Dio Chrysostom declared that a single glimpse of the statue would make a man forget all his earthly troubles.[5]
The date of the statue, in the third quarter of the fifth century BC, long a subject of debate, was confirmed archaeologically by the rediscovery and excavation of Phidias' workshop.

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MAPS & FLAGS OF COUNTRIES ALL AROUND THE WORLD

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MAP AND FLAG OF ZIMBABWE
MAP AND FLAG OF VIETNAM
MAP AND FLAG OF VENEZUELA
MAP AND FLAG OF UZBEKISTAN
MAP AND FLAG OF USA
MAP AND FLAG OF URUGUAY

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Lighthouse of Alexandria

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The Lighthouse of Alexandria (or The Pharos of Alexandria, Greek: ὁ Φάρος τῆς Ἀλεξανδρείας) was a tower built in the 3rd century BC (between 285 and 247 BC) on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt to serve as that port's landmark, and later, its lighthouse.
With a height variously estimated at between 115 and 135 m (380 and 440 ft) it was identified as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by Antipater of Sidon. It may have been the third tallest building after the two Great Pyramids (of Khufu and Khafra) for its entire life.Pharos was a small island just off the coast of Alexandria. It was linked to the mainland by a man-made connection named the Heptastadion, which thus formed one side of the city's harbor. As the Egyptian coast is very flat and lacking in the kind of landmark used at the time for navigation, a marker of some sort at the mouth of the harbour was deemed necessary—a function the Pharos was initially designed to serve. Use of the building as a lighthouse, with a fire and reflective mirrors at the top, is thought to date to around the 1st century AD, during the Roman period. Prior to that time the Pharos served solely as a landmark or day beacon

Construction and destruction
The lighthouse was completed in the 3rd century B.C., after having been initiated by Satrap (governor) Ptolemy I Soter, Egypt's first Macedonian ruler and a general of Alexander the Great. After Alexander died unexpectedly at age 32, Ptolemy Soter (Saviour, named so by the inhabitants of Rhodes) made himself king in 305 B.C. and ordered the construction of the Pharos shortly thereafter. The building was finished during the reign of his son, Ptolemy Philadelphos.

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Colossus of Rhodes

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The Colossus of Rhodes" redirects here. For the film by Sergio Leone, see Il Colosso di Rodi.
This article is about the statue. For the children's novel by Caroline Lawrence, see The Colossus of Rhodes (novel).

This drawing of Colossus of Rhodes, which illustrated The Grolier Society's 1911 Book of Knowledge, is probably fanciful, as the statue likely did not stand astride the harbour mouth.

Colossus of Rhodes, imagined in a 16th-century engraving by Martin Heemskerck, part of his series of the Seven Wonders of the World.
The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of the Greek god Helios, erected on the Greek island of Rhodes by Chares of Lindos between 292 and 280 BC. It is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Before its destruction, the Colossus of Rhodes stood over 30 meters (107 ft) high, making it one of the tallest statues of the ancient world.[

Ancient accounts, which differ to some degree, describe the structure as being built with iron tie bars to which brass plates were fixed to form the skin. The interior of the structure, which stood on a 15 meters (50 ft) high white marble pedestal near the Mandraki harbor entrance, was then filled with stone blocks as construction progressed.[4] Other sources place the Colossus on a breakwater in the harbor. The statue itself was over 30 meters (107 ft) tall. Much of the iron and bronze was reforged from the various weapons Demetrius's army left behind, and the abandoned second siege tower was used for scaffolding around the lower levels during construction. Upper portions were built with the use of a large earthen ramp. During the building, workers would pile mounds of dirt on the sides of the colossus. Upon completion all of the dirt was removed and the colossus was left to stand alone.

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Temple of Artemis

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The Temple of Artemis (Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον Artemision), also known less precisely as Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple dedicated to Artemis completed— in its most famous phase— around 550 BC at Ephesus (in present-day Turkey). Only foundations and sculptural fragments of the temple remain, the monument being one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. There were previous temples on its site, where evidence of a sanctuary dates as early as the Bronze Age.
The new temple antedated the Ionic immigration by many years. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis, attributed the origin of the temenos at Ephesus to the Amazons, whose worship he imagines already centered upon an image (bretas). In the seventh century the old temple was destroyed by a flood. Around 550 BC, they started to build the "new" temple, known as one of the wonders of the ancient world. It was a 120-year project, initially designed and constructed by the Cretan architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes, at the expense of Croesus of Lydia.

The Temple of Artemis was located near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 50 km south from the modern port city of İzmir, in Turkey. Today the site lies on the edge of the modern town of Selçuk.

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